《漫漫自由路》（曼德拉自传）
曼德拉的顿悟－－感恩与宽容经常是源自痛苦与磨难的，必须以极大的毅力来训练。曼德拉说起获释出狱当天的心情：“当我走出囚室、迈过通往自由的监狱大门时，我已经清楚，自己若不能把悲痛与怨恨留在身后，那么我其实仍在狱中。”

Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the center of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.

Long Walk to Freedom is his moving and exhilarating autobiography, a book destined to take its place among the finest memoirs of history's greatest figures. Here for the first time, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela tells the extraordinary story of his life - an epic of struggle, setback, renewed hope, and ultimate triumph, which has, until now, been virtually unknown to most of the world.

The foster son of a Thembu chief, Mandela was raised in the traditional, tribal culture of his ancestors, but at an early age learned the modern, inescapable reality of what came to be called apartheid, one of the most powerful and effective systems of oppression ever conceived. In classically elegant and engrossing prose, he tells of his early years as an impoverished student and law clerk in Johannesburg, of his slow political awakening, and of his pivotal role in the rebirth of a stagnant ANC and the formation of its Youth League in the 1950s. He describes the struggle to reconcile his political activity with his devotion to his family, the anguished breakup of his first marriage, and the painful separations from his children.

He brings vividly to life the escalating political warfare in the fifties between the ANC and the government, culminating in his dramatic escapades as an underground leader and the notorious Rivonia Trial of 1964, at which he was sentenced to life imprisonment. He recounts the surprisingly eventful twenty-seven years in prison and the complex, delicate negotiations that led both to his freedom and to the beginning of the end of apartheid. Finally he provides the ultimate inside account of the unforgettable events since his release that produced at last a free, multiracial democracy in South Africa.

To millions of people around the world, Nelson Mandela stands, as no other living figure does, for the triumph of dignity and hope over despair and hatred, of self-discipline and love over persecution and evil. Long Walk to Freedom embodies that spirit in a book for all time.

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Dedication

I dedicate this book to my six children, Madiba and Makaziwe (my first daughter), who are now deceased, and to Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani, and Zindzi, whose support and love I treasure; to my twenty-one grandchildren and three great-grandchildren who give me great pleasure; and to all my comrades, friends, and fellow South Africans whom I serve and whose courage, determination, and patriotism remain my source of inspiration.

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Acknowledgment

As readers will discover, this book has a long history. I began writing it clandestinely in 1974 during my imprisonment on Robben Island. Without the tireless labor of my old comrades Walter Sisulu and Ahmed Kathhrada for reviving my memories, it is doubtful the manuscript would have been completed. The copy of the manuscript which I kept with me was discovered by the authorities and confiscated. However, in addition to their unique calligraphic skills, my co-prisoners Mac Maharaj and Isu Chiba had ensured that the original manuscript safely reached its destination. I resumed work on it after my release from prison in 1990.

Since my release, my schedule has been crowded with numerous duties and responsibilities, which have left me little free time for writing. Fortunately, I have had the assistance of dedicated colleagues, friends, and professionals who have helped me complete my work at last, and to whom I would like to express my appreciation.

I am deeply grateful to Richard Stengel who collaborated with me in the creation of this book, providing invaluable assistance in editing and revising the first parts and in the writing of the latter parts. I recall with fondness our early morning walks in the Transkei and the many hours of interviews at Shell House in Johannesburg and my home in Houghton. A special tribute is owed to Mary Pfaff who assisted Richard in his work. I have also benefited from the advice and support of Fatima Meer, Peter Magubane, Nadine Gordimer, and Ezekiel Mphahlele.

I want to thank especially my comrade Ahmed Kathrada for the long hours spent revising, correcting, and giving accuracy to the story. Many thanks to my ANC office staff, who patiently dealt with the logistics of the making of this book, but in particular to Barbara Masekela for her efficient coordination. Likewise, Iqbal Meer has devoted many hours to watching over the business aspects of the book. I am grateful to my editor, William Phillips of Little, Brown, who has guided this project from early 1990 on, and edited the text, and to his colleagues Jordan Pavlin, Steve Schneider, Mike Mattil, and Donna Peterson. I would also like to thank Professor Gail Gerhart for her factual review of the manuscript.

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－－南非的民族斗士曼德拉，因为领导反对白人种族隔离政策而入狱，白人统治者把他关在荒凉的大西洋小岛罗本岛上27年。
罗本岛位于离开普敦西北方向7英里的桌湾。岛上布满岩石，到处都是海豹和蛇及其他动物。曼德拉被关在总集中营一个“锌皮房”里，他每天早晨排队到采石场，然后被解开脚镣，下到一个很大的石灰石田地，用尖镐和铁锹挖掘石灰石。有时从冰冷的海水里捞取海带。因为曼德拉是要犯，专门看押他的看守就有三人。当 1991年曼德拉出狱当选总统以后，他在总统就职典礼上的举动震惊了世界。
总统就职仪式开始了，曼德拉起身致辞欢迎他的来宾。在介绍了来自世界各国的政要后,他说令他最高兴的是当初看守他的3名前狱方人员也能到场。他邀请他们站起身，以便他能介绍给大家。曼德拉博大的胸襟和宽宏的精神，让南非那些残酷虐待了他27年的白人汗颜，也让所有到场的人肃然起敬。看着年迈的曼德拉缓缓站起身来，恭敬地向3个曾关押他的看守致敬，在场的所有来宾以至整个世界，都静下来了。
曼德拉后来向朋友们解释说，自己年轻时性子很急,脾气暴躁，正是在狱中学会了控制情绪才活了下来。他的牢狱岁月给了他时间与激励，使他学会了如何处理自己遭遇苦难的痛苦。他说，感恩与宽容经常是源自痛苦与磨难的，必须以极大的毅力来训练。曼德拉说起获释出狱当天的心情：“当我走出囚室、迈过通往自由的监狱大门时，我已经清楚，自己若不能把悲痛与怨恨留在身后，那么我其实仍在狱中。”
《漫漫自由路》是当今世界影响力最大的伟人传记之一。它的问世可以说轰动了整个世界。国外媒体纷纷对这本书给予极 高的评价，称它是"二十世纪最非凡的政治传奇故事。每个活着的人都应该读一读这本书。"、"一本引人入胜的好书，它既是对恶魔般的社会制度的揭露，也是超 越这种社会制度精神力量的证明。"、"《漫漫自由路》无可辩驳地是一部为数不多的政治自传之一，它也是一部让人一读便不能释卷的好书。"、"一部真正引人 入胜的自传，它精辟、流畅而不造作，既催人泪下又富有知识性。"

    《漫漫自由路》一书是曼德拉在狱中写成的，从曼德拉出生一直写到他当选新南非总统，时间跨度达76年。本 书故事情节跌宕起伏、扣人心弦，全面展现了当今世界伟人曼德拉可歌可泣的伟大人生和南非人民在非国大的领导下，为结束种族歧视、争取自由而前仆后继、英勇 抗争的斗争过程。

    曼德拉出生于南非泰姆布贵族家庭。他的父亲既是泰姆布国王的参事，也是姆卫佐部落的酋长,。他9岁的时候父亲就病逝了。不久，泰姆布酋长国代理国王容欣塔巴收养了他。容欣塔巴对他非常好，像对待自己的亲生儿子一样地对待他。在代理国王的监护下， 曼德拉完成了初级和中级学业，并顺利地考入了福特黑尔大学。在学校里，曼德拉不但是一位好学上进的学生，而且也是一位满腔热情的社会活动积极分子。遗憾的是。因为曼德拉坚持原则而不向学校当局低头，他没能毕业，就选择了辍学。

    按照他的监护人的定向培养，曼德拉本来可以和他的父亲一样，做他这一代泰姆布国王的参事。但是，为了逃脱代理国王为他安排的婚姻，他与代理国王的儿子一起离家出走。几经周折，他们来到了约翰内斯堡，最终改变了自己的命运。

    在约翰内斯堡，他受尽了各种苦难，先后干过金矿保安、律师事务所学徒、律师等工作。在入不敷出的艰难困苦 中，他边谋生，边学习，依靠坚忍不拔的毅力，顺利通过了南非大学考试，拿到了福特黑尔大学毕业证。随后，他又考上了威特沃特斯兰德大学，获得了法学学士学 位，这为他后来兴办自己的律师事务所创造了条件。

    在从事律师工作中，他亲眼目睹了南非种族隔离制度的野蛮和黑暗。他毅然决然地投身于人民的解放事业，并为此献出了自己一切。

    早在1944年，曼德拉参加非洲人国民大会，并参与组建了非洲人国民大会青年团。他先后担任过德兰士瓦省级非洲人国民大会主席、全国非洲人国民大会的第一副主席、全国非洲人国民大会主席。

    1961年，曼德拉创建了非洲人国民大会的军事组织--民族长矛军，结束了非国大无法对独裁政府开展武装斗争的历史。为应对政府要取缔非国大组织，曼德拉起草了著名的"曼德拉方案"，简称"曼氏方案"。在后来的斗争中，这个方案发挥了重要作用。

    曼德拉参与领导了一系列反对种族歧视、种族压迫和种族迫害的斗争。最著名的是沙佩维尔反通行证法大示威和国庆抗议日大罢工。这些斗争大长了南非人民的志气，大灭了白人独裁政府的威风。

    随着斗争的深入，南非白人独裁政府对曼德拉及非国大党人的迫害和镇压也在逐步升级。曼德拉曾经多次被"禁 止"（一种限制人身自由的处罚）和逮捕：1953年被禁止参加集会两年，1956年被禁止参加政治活动5年，1962年8月被逮捕，同年11月被判处5年 监禁，1964年6月12日曼德拉被判处终身监禁。

    曼德拉在监狱里度过了27个春秋，其中，他在罗本岛监狱就被关押了18年。

    罗本岛是开普顿沿海附近的一个小岛，距离开普敦只有18英里，是一个狭窄的、被风吹得岩石裸露的小岛。早在十九世纪，这里就是英国和荷兰殖民主义者关押南非爱国将领的监狱。罗本岛监狱条件非常恶劣，简直是犯人的活地狱。

    在罗本岛监狱里，曼德拉被囚禁在一个不足4平方米的牢房里，睡的是水泥地，铺的是草席和剑麻席，夜间仅仅依靠三条几乎薄得透明的旧棉毯取暖。牢房里很冷，曼德拉不得不总是穿着衣服睡觉。

    难能可贵的是，就是在如此恶劣的条件下，曼德拉仍然保持着高昂的斗志。他把在监狱里开展斗争看作是整个南非反对种族歧视和压迫的一部分，把监狱变成了与白人独裁政府作战的战场和学习的课堂。有人甚至把罗本岛监狱称作"曼德拉大学"。

    长期、恶劣的监禁生活并没有摧毁他的身躯和意志，反而使他政治上更加成熟、观察问题更加周全、人格魅力得 到了升华。曼德拉的伟大人格和坚强意志甚至感动了监管他的狱警，后来他们彼此竟然成了朋友。这种非凡的人格魅力帮助曼德拉成为南非第一任黑人总统、世界上 最受敬重的政治家。他的贡献已经超越了他的国土，因此，他荣获了许多世界级的荣誉。１９９１年，他与南非总统德克勒克一起获得了联合国教科文组织颁发的" 乌弗埃－博瓦尼争取和平奖"。１９９３年７月４日，曼德拉获得了美国克林顿总统授予的费城自由勋章。１９９３年１０月，曼德拉与德克勒克一起荣获诺贝尔和 平奖。１９９８年９月，曼德拉又获得了美国"国会金奖"，成为第一个获此奖项的非洲人。２０００年８月，南部非洲发展共同体又授予他"卡马"勋章。今年， 曼德拉又被任命联合国亲善大使。

    作为一位当代伟人，曼德拉博大宽广的胸怀也备受世人称道和敬仰。２０００年，南非全国警察总署发生了一件 严重的种族歧视事件：在总部大楼的一间办公室里，当工作人员开启电脑时，电脑屏幕上的曼德拉头像竟然逐渐变成了"大猩猩"，全国警察总监和公安部部长闻之 勃然大怒，南非人民也因此而义愤填膺。消息传到曼德拉的耳朵里，他反而非常平静，对这件事并不"过分在意"。他说："我的尊严并不会因此而受到损害"。几 天后，在参加南非地方选举投票时，当投票站的工作人员例行公事地看着曼德拉身份证上的照片与其本人对照时，曼德拉慈祥地一笑说："你看我像大猩猩吗？"逗 得在场的人笑得合不拢嘴。不久，在南非东部农村地区一所新建学校的竣工典礼上，曼德拉无不幽默地对孩子们说："看到你们有这样的好学校，连大猩猩都十分高 兴。"话音刚落，数百名孩子笑得前仰后合，曼德拉也会心地笑了。他巧用别人对自己的恶作剧制造幽默来活跃气氛，在这里，幽默成为曼德拉博大胸怀的自然写 照，书写着一个坦荡而豁达的胸襟，体现着一种包容万事万物的海量。